Thomson (Eds.), Memory in context: Context in memory (pp. Improving eyewitness memory through mental reinstatement of context. Legal & Criminological Psychology, 9, 215–227. Say it to my face: Examining the effects of socially encountered misinformation. Gabbert, F., Memon, A., Allan, K., & Wright, D. Why misinformation is more likely to be recognised over time: A source monitoring account. The cue-dependent nature of state-dependent retrieval. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 63, 93–106.Įich, J. Strategies of source attribution: Semantic features and trace strength as cues to the origin of memories. Konstanz, Germany: Universitäts-verlag Konstanz.Įchterhoff, G., & Hussy, W. Saar (Eds.), Kontexte und Kulturen des Erinnerns: Maurice Halbwachs und das Paradigma des kollektiven Gedächtnisses (pp. Remembering in a social context: A conversational view of the study of memory. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 36, 424–435.Įchterhoff, G., & Hirst, W. Causal inferences about communicators and their effect on opinion change. American Journal of Psychology, 106, 541–557.Įagly, A. The rate of false source attributions depends on how questions are asked. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 24, 1121–1136.ĭodson, C. On the recollection of specific- and partial-source information. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 19, 695–704.ĭodson, C. Leading questions and memory: Pragmatic constraints. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 11, 671–684.ĭodd, D. Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Editing misleading information from memory: Evidence for the coexistence of original and postevent information. Intended and unintended effects of explicit warnings on eyewitness suggestibility: Evidence from source identification tests. Dardenne (Eds.), Metacognition: Cognitive and social dimensions (pp. Memory states and memory tasks: An integrative framework for eyewitness memory and suggestibility. Memory impairment and source misattribution in postevent misinformation experiments with short retention intervals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 22, 197–215.īelli, R. Source discrimination, item detection, and multinomial models of source monitoring. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 1–21.īayen, U. A theoretical review of the misinformation effect: Predictions from an activation-based memory model. The findings suggest that the reduced misinformation effect was due to more thorough monitoring of memory characteristics by postwarned participants, rather than to a stricter response criterion or to enhanced event memory.Īyers, M. A social postwarning yielded the same results as an explicit source-monitoring appeal and led to longer response times for postevent items, relative to a no-warning condition (Experiments 3 and 4). Also, postwarned participants rated reality characteristics of their memories more accurately than did participants receiving no or high-credibility information about the postevent source (Experiment 2). Discrediting the source as being either untrustworthy or incompetent was effective (Experiment 1). In the present research, social postwarnings, which characterize the postevent source as a low-credibility individual, diminished the misinformation effect in both cued recall and recognition tests. Previous findings have been equivocal as to whether the postevent misinformation effect on eyewitness memory is reduced by warnings presented after the misinformation (postwarnings).
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